Essay about AIDS Problem - 2599 Words

1. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, also known as AIDS, is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).HIV damages body’s immune system by destroying white blood cells which help us to destroy invaded pathogens. When HIV enters a white blood cell, it may remain dormant. However, once it is activated, it infects another cell to produce many new HIVS. After a certain period of time, the white blood cells are destroyed and leading to a loss of function of the immune system (Y.K. Ho,2004). People infected by HIV will turn out to have AIDS. Infected people are very weak to fight off other infectious disease and soon they will die. According to the data and statistics of WHO, global summary of the AIDS epidemic, 2009, the†¦show more content†¦At, that time, more than 100 thousand farmers were infected; nearly 10 thousand of them died. Predicting the trend, it is difficult for China to have only 370 thousand people living with AIDS as the Chinese government just want to hide the fact and did little to deal with the current situation. This essay will state the factors leading to such condition in detail. And also criticizes the policies or measures that applied by the government. At the end, there will be some suggestion to resolve the issue. 3. Factors that lead to the condition According to the public health model, health status is not only relying on individual and form a biological perspective. It also related to the interaction with the social or physical environment. Therefore, when analyzing the factors that lead to the severe AIDS problem in Henan, where the famous â€Å"AIDS villages† located in China, we should consider comprehensively, include the scientific, economic and social perspective. ï  ¬ Scientific perspective In this case, the epidemiologic triangle can be used to describe the rapidly transmitted AIDS disease. The triangle is composed by three parts: pathogen, host and environment. This part will focus more on pathogen and host; environment will be further discussed in economic and social perspective. A common pathogenetic feature underlying is the deficiency of the immune system caused by HIV, whichShow MoreRelatedAids : The Problem Of Aids1250 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough advancements in AIDS research have continued over the past 2 decades, the misconception that people can contract the AIDS virus from sharing a drink is still prevalent. Aids is a major issue throughout the world and kills many people. 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Assess the view that in todays society the family Free Essays

Assess the view that in todays society the family is losing its functions (24 Marks) According to functionalists the family has lost its functions, functionalism claim there is integration and harmony between different parts of society which rely upon each other to maintain a cooperating society. Functionalists view the family as vital organs in maintaining society, functionalism concentrates on the contribution of the family towards society and how the family fits with other social institutions to create and efficient society. Functionalists like Murdock argues that the family has four main unctions; reproduction as the family provides some stability for the reproduction and rearing of children, economic as the family provides for the family in terms of food and shelter, sexual and socialisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess the view that in todays society the family or any similar topic only for you Order Now Murdock regards these functions as necessary in any society; he suggests the nuclear family was found in every society however it is not the only form of arrangement that can carry these functions out. For functionalists the family â€Å"fulfils a number of important functions for individuals and society such as the socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult ersonalities† Functionalists like Parsons and Dennis argue that in contemporary society many of the functions performed by the family and pre industrialised society has been removed from the family. Many argue that â€Å"these functions are being taken over by other institutions† and that these have been transferred to other institutions for example the NHS as well as the education and welfare system. Parsons refers to this as structural differentiation and he also claimed that is process has meant that modern more specialised families now only have two main basic needs; Primary socialisation of children and stabilisation of adult personalities. However many sociologists argue against claims made my Parsons and Dennis, some argue that the family has not lost its functions. Fletcher and Shorter 1966 deny that the family has lost its functions in contemporary society. They suggest that during pre industrial and early industrial society poverty meant that functions such as welfare and education were not effectively carried out. Children were often neglected and male peasants didn’t care for their wives but more about their animals. Fletchers argues that the family has now more note fewer functions placed on it for example the ealth and welfare functions of the family have been strengthened by welfare state and parents now are more preoccupied with their children’s health. Social services with their powers now intervene in family cases if there are reports or suspicions of child neglect and this has increased the responsibilities of parents rather than discouraging them. Feminism however disagrees with the view that the family has lost its economic role of a unit of production and argue that it has become a unit of consumption. They also majority of home work is productive but it not recognised as uch because it is unpaid and usually done by women. They argue that the economic contribution made by women is underestimated. Radical feminist Christine Delphine and Dianna Leonard 1992 argues that some functions of production have been lost but others are pretormed to a higher standard than the past tor example washing, ironing and cleaning as â€Å"family life is much less stable than it was in the past†. A traditional function of the family is the reproduction and nurturing of children being seen as the main reason for marriage as a means of passing on family property and roviding a future workforce. However this has changed as there has been an increase in the number of people having sexual relations before marriage and out of marriage. Another traditional function of the family was industrialisation and the growth of factory production in Britain, the family was a unit of production which meant the family home was also a work place. Children would learn the skills needed for life from their elders and they often followed their parents footsteps in life. However this has changed as well as since the 19th century work has moved outside he home to factories and offices. Families no longer produce the goods they need they go out instead to work and earn wages to but the goods. These skills needed can no longer be learnt from the family but rather in a place of work or education. Occupations are less likely to be achieved by kinship but instead by individual merits. Lastly the family traditionally played an important role in caring for children however before the twentieth century most children were poorly looked after due to poverty. This has now changed as the modern family gets more help in caring for children hrough a range of state welfare services and growing numbers of care services such as play groups and nurseries. All the writers tend to think in terms of the family without differentiating between different family types. Graham Allan and Graham Crow 2001 argue that attempts to identify the functions of the family can be criticised because of the functionalist ‘one size fits’ approach. Postmodernists and different feminists reject this view that there is one single family type which always performs certain functions. This makes it difficult to measure functions of society. How to cite Assess the view that in todays society the family, Papers

Various Meanings Spirituality-Sociological & Philosophical Perspective

Questions: Discuss the various meanings of "spirituality" and their relevance in the context of managed care including sociological and philosophical perspectives. Consider the religious and cultural context of modern health care and medicine (i.e., pluralism, scientism, and postmodernism). Be sure to address the following questions: What is prime reality? What is the nature of the world around us? What is a human being? What happens to a person at death? Why is it possible to know anything at all? How do we know what is right or wrong? What is the meaning of human history? Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines. An abstract is not required.? Answers: Spirituality Introduction The concept of spirituality is extremely broad and is comprises within itself a number of different perspectives. Generally, it includes the feeling of connecting with the things that is much bigger than humans and it also includes the search for a meaning for existence on this earth. Spirituality is such a human experience that is universal and is experienced by all in more or less extent (Dennis, 2014). However, it should be noted that the word spirituality does not have one single definition that is applicable throughout the world. In modern times this concept has mixed with a number of numinous and obscure customs and human psychologies and western and eastern traditions (Dorr, 2008). Concept of Prime Reality The concept of scientism states that science is the only path to the real world. In this concept of scientism, the notion of prime reality has been defined either as the cosmos which exists in itself and that which has always existed or it is defined as the God which is self-existent. In the study of Naturalism the idea of prime reality is such a matter that exists forever and is the only thing that exists throughout (Hunt McMahon, 1993). The concept of scientism promotes cosmos to be the prime reality and eliminates God from this sphere. According to this concept, matter is the only thing that has existed throughout however the existence may not be in the current state. they consider matter to be the only thing which does not have any Creator. Nature of the world around us The idea of post modernism is usually used by the sociologists and for describing the method of thinking which has become more enveloping in the Western countries in the recent decades (YE, 2008). The concept of scientism describes the world around us from with an independent view that is connected to the removal of emotional extent of experience. Human being The idea of pluralism opines that all human beings learn, sleep, eat and live in a particular community along with other fellow human beings. In some traditions this condition is created by the God (Heelas, 2010). Some of the traditions consider the condition of human beings to be the reason for suffering. Some other traditions state that humans are the ones who have been so after going through harsh spiritual regulations. However, pluralism states that all human beings are the same and that it is one characteristic that is shared universally between all humans. Person at death The notion of post modernism does not have any moral supreme that tends to place the responsibility on the hands of the individuals. In this concept death is simply regarded as a method that leads to physical extinction and that it does not believe in any such thing like immorality. It further states that it is the physical world that only exists and they also do not believe in the existence of soul. Possibility of knowing anything or everything People who propose for the concept of scientism consider the world to be real. However, they also state that they also do not know the actual reality. To them what is observed is what they know. The manner in which the world portrays itself is what is known (Haack, 2003). What is present beyond this appearance is unknown for everyone. What is right or wrong The concept of post modernism states that there exists no absolute truth. According to a distinctive post modern perspective belief is above everything. If a person believes in something it is true or else it is false. This theory also states that all the principles that exist are nothing other than just being preferences. All they do is to be a disguise for the force to power. However there are a number of feminist scholars who consider that this sort of a concept arises from a male centric perspective which happens to be more coercive (Kostikova, 2013). Human history In the concept of naturalism history can be considered as a linear progression which does not necessarily have a special meaning. This concept does not believe in anything that gives super natural ideas (Williams Robinson, 2014). It only believes in the things which exist. Things that do not exist do not have any place in this concept. Hence with regard to human history the existence of humans with regard to birth and death is the only thing that exists. References Dennis, P. (2014).Spirituality. Cork: BookBaby. Dorr, D. (2008).Spirituality. Dublin: The Columba Press. Haack, S. (2003).Defending science--within reason. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. Heelas, P. (2010).Spirituality. London: Routledge. Hunt, D., McMahon, T. (1993).The new spirituality. Eugene, Or.: Harvest House Publishers. Kostikova, A. (2013). Postmodernism: A Feminist Critique.Metaphilosophy,44(1-2), 24-28. doi:10.1111/meta.12008 Williams, R., Robinson, D. (2014).Scientism. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. YE, H. (2008). Historiography of Psychology: Challenges of Postmodernism.Acta Psychologica Sinica,40(5), 626-632. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2008.00626